Fluorescent lights

the light changes color with the gas that is introduced to it

the orange color has been created through the introduction of neon gas.

Helium light spectrum

with the super fancy glasses everything is all rainbow-y. The glasses are de-fraction grading glasses. they look similar to a cd and have very closely etched lines on the lenses. In the center you see the neon light then off to either side their are lines that gradually change color until it is a dark red with quite a few lines that are very vibrant. With the next light (Helium) it shows a spectrum starting with green and ending in a peach-orange color with a bright vibrant orange in the middle of the spectrum with a few more lines. The argon light shows a spectrum starting with a violet-blue and going to red. Nitrogen like the argon has a large spectrum but with many more lines of color than any until this point. Carbon dioxide has about as many lines as the nitrogen but some of the colors are much more vibrant (the pure colors).

Tum-Tum-Tum-Tum-Tums

Formula of tums:
active ingredient calcium carbonate CaCO3 -->Ca(+2)aq + CO(-2)aq

How do tums chemically react with water and stomach acid?
calcium carbonate is not water soluble and breaks down slowly in acid unless broken up.

How many tums are needed to neutralize a can of coke?

Global warming and it's controversies

If science has come so far why don't we have definitive answers the green house  effect. Well through my expansion of water experiment I can say that I thoroughly find reason to question it and not readily except the thoughts those representing it are proposing. In regard to the question,"is the earth warming?" I will agree that to an extent it is but then again it has been warming since the beginning of its formation, although the industrialization of the world may have sped it up ever so slightly, I do not believe that this is enough to cause an end of days to be right around the corner.

As I experimented and recorded the amount to which the water expanded as it froze I realized that the expansion was significant in comparison to other state changes. With this observation I have concluded that if the earth was warming to the extent of the polar ice caps melting, of course the water levels will rise but to the extent of wiping out civilizations, I deem highly improbable (unless of course it's Venice but they seem to have set themselves up for that).

In regards to the Green House effect, which of course places pollution from the formation of modern conveniences at the helm of global destruction, there are some easy solutions that may be utilized while we are spending government money on research to reduce gas emissions. For those truly concerned with it the easy solution would to be stop driving your cars to your silly rallies where you have signs, made of paper, written on with markers and presumably clothes made from organic materials all of which have been processed creating pollutants and are harmful to the environment.

Then again the issue of over population will also come into conversation and with that my response would be...

pH + antacid experiment

Hypothesis: I think that it will take one antacid to neutralize one serving of an acidic beverage

Experiment: I took 1/2 cup of lemonade that had a pH of 3 and added 1/2 tsp. of crushed antacids in 2 minute increments until the pH reached 7.

Results:

Chemicals around us

In a throwing environment:
1. Dri-fit shirt
2. Hair- Protein, water, lipids
     C2H5NO2 C3H7NO2 (protein)
     H2O (water)
     C40H80NO8P (lipids)
3.Concrete
     3CaOSO2, 2CaOSiO2, 3CaO Al2 O3, 4CaOAl2Fe2O3, CaSO4H2O
4. Sky/air
     O2, N2
5.Discus- wood and steel
     CH2O (wood/cellulose)
     Fe3C (steel)

Cellulose molecule

6.Spandex- polyurethane-polyurea copolymer
     C25H42N2O6
7.Grass
     C6H10O5
8.Overhang-steel
     Fe3C
9.Steel pole
     Fe3C

Protein molecule

10.Skin- protein, water, lipids

     C2H5NO2 C3H7NO2 (protein)

     H2O (water)

     C40H80NO8P (lipids)

                         In a college students shopping trip:

1. Cardboard- cellulose

     C6H10O5

2.Glass

     SiO2

3.Linoleum

     CaCO3 + C6H10O5

4.Fluorescent light

5.Plastic shelf- Diethylhexyl, polyethylene terephthalate

    C6H4(COOC2H5)2

6.Cooling element- Chlorofluorocarbon

      ClFC

7.Aluminum cooling element

                                                                                          AlC

8.Aluminum bottle caps

    AlC

SiO2

9.Beer

    H2O, C2H5OH

10.Malt liquor
    H2O, C2H5OH

Ethanol

  

pH experiment

Hypothesis: I think that in testing many of these household products most of them will have a pH of between 6 and 8. Although some may be slightly higher I do not expect any to have a pH higher than 10.

Experiment: I will use 10 different household items ranging in use and test them using pH test strips and let them sit for one minute. The items being used are; dish soap, tap water, apple, glass cleaner, triple antibiotic ointment, lysol wipe, tilex, suave (shampoo and conditioner), 1% milk, lemonade, mouthwash, make up remover.

Results:

pH

pH is a measure of H(+) concentration on a scale from 0-14
0- means there is more H(+)
7- means it is neutral, no acid, no base H(+) = OH(-) it is balanced
14- means there is more OH(-)

0-7 is an acid
7-14 is a base

The p in the pH means negative log of something

Log function:
log(10) 100 = 2 --> 10^2 = 100
log (10) 1,000,000 = 6 --> 10^6 = 1,000,000
log (10) 1,000 = 3 --> 10^3 = 1,000

pH 3 compared to pH 4
1)Which is more acidic?
     pH 3 is more acidic
2)By how many x's?
     by 10x

Crystal structures

NaCl (Sodium chloride)

Melting point- 801C




What happens when NaCl is dissolved in water?

Why is the freezing point lowered when salt is added?
    this is caused because the salt molecules are dispersed between the water molecules and make it difficult for the water molecules to come together and become a crystal structure.

CaCO3 (Calcium carbonate)
Melting point- 1330C

Weather and Bernoulli Principle

Describe some common weather occurrences in relation to the gas laws and characteristics we have been exploring.
    -Clouds, contraction of molecules as well as formation
    -Wind, expansion of molecules
    -Chinook winds, push molecules down from a mountain system into a desert system
    -El niño/La niña
    -Rain/humidity, change of temp causes a change in air density
    -
What is the Bernoulli Principle?
 Bernoulli's principle states that as a fluid increases in speed it will simultaneously decrease in pressure or potential energy.

  

Gases

Characteristics of gases:
Far apart- cooling balloon in liquid nitrogen
Density different- based observations molecule determines weight
Lots of movement- simulation
Diffusion- rather slow (bumping into one another)
Naming of common

Ideal gas law:   PV=nRT
     P = pressure
     V = volume
     n = mole of gas
     T = temperature
     R = gas constant

PV/nT = nRT/nT

P1V1/n1T1 = P2V2/n2T2

PV/nT = R

P1/T1 = P2/T2

Balloon experiment:
   volume ^ direct relationship temperature ^
   volume ^ inverse relationship pressure decrease
   volume ^ direct relationship add molecules ^

What is the tire pressure at -20 F compared to 90 F assuming the starting pressure was 32 psi?
32psi/90F = x psi/ -20F
32psi/305.2K = x psi/244.3K
32psi(244.3K)/305.2K = x psi
7817.6/305.2 = 25.6psi

H2O experiment

Hypothesis: As the water freezes it will expand but not at a dramatic rate nor amount. As more salt is added to the water the lower the temperature will need to be for the water to freeze. 

Constants:
    -Every cup will contain 1 cup of tap water
    -The same kind of cup will be used for each test
    -All of the cups will be placed outside for 3 hours and be tested every hour

Variables:
    -The amount of table salt (NaCl) in each cup will vary by 1/2 tsp

Results: The cup containing no salt froze the fastest (first signs of freezing at the 2 hr mark) and constantly maintained a higher temp than the other cups. The cup containing 1/2 tsp. of salt was close to follow the control cup in freezing. The last two cups did not freeze but formed and maintained a slush like consistency (results are represented in the graph above). The results of the amount of expansion is represented in the chart to the right; which shows that the unsalted water has a steadier expansion rate than any of the other cups with salt.

Molecular masses

List the molecular masses of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and helium: (g/mole)
    Carbon dioxide- 44
1 atom of carbon = 12
1 atom of oxygen = 16
12 + 2(16) = 44

    Oxygen- 32
1 atom of oxygen = 16
2(16) = 32

    Helium- 4
1 atom of helium = 4
1(4) = 4

    Water- 18
1 atom of hydrogen = 1
1 atom of oxygen =  16
2(1) + 16 = 18

What's burning?

What is burning? (chemical formula and image)

    Fatty acids that make up the candle wax very similar to soap
    
Chemical equation
    C25H52 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O

Balanced chemical equation
    C25H52 + 38O2 --> 25CO2 + 26H2O

Butane combustion:
  Unbalanced-
    C4H10 + O2 --> H2O + 4CO2
  Balanced-
    2C4H10 + 13O2 --> 10H2O + 8CO2

Mountain village

The cause of death of the villagers was asphyxiation caused by volcanic gases. The gas molecules that the active volcano gives off are much heavier than molecules of regular air. These gases, primarily sulfur dioxide with a weight of 64.07 and carbon dioxide with a weight of approx. 12. While as oxygen that is found in the air we breath is significantly less thus it is displaced by the heavier sulfur dioxide.

Pressure

How much pressure do you place on someone when you stand on them?
    
                                                            PSI= force, in lbs. / area in sq. in.

Hypothetically a 100 lb. person with a foot with an area of 5 sq inches would exert 20 PSI. Where as a 100 lb. person with a foot with an area of 15 sq inches would exert 6.67 PSI.

Observing gasses

Two balloons barely filled with air were placed in a vacuum chamber. As the air surrounding the balloons was removed the balloons expanded. This was caused by a decrease in surrounding pressure causing the balloons to expand to accommodate the void left by the air removed.

Chemical compositions

Cellulose molecule

What are the chemicals and their structures that make up cardboard?
    -Cellulose

What are the chemicals and their structures that make up styrofoam?

Styrofoam molecule

    -Styrene, benzene, ethylene, CFC's and HCFC's





What are the chemicals and their structures that make up waxes?

    -Lipids (triglycerides)


Explain why water is attracted to cardboard and not styrofoam.
     -The cellulose in the cardboard absorbs water while the components in styrofoam do not. This is primarily because cellulose is made up of a lot of oxygen which hydrogen in a water molecule are attracted to.

Vitamin C

Vitamin E

What is the chemical structure of vitamin C and vitamin E? Which one is water soluble and which one is fat soluble?
    -Vitamin C is composed of: L-ascorbic acid and is water soluble
    -Vitamin E is composed of: Tocopherols and is fat soluble

What is unique about the polarity of soap?
    - Ivory soap: On one end it has no charge on the other  side it has a large negative charge
    -SDS (shampoo): negative and positive charges.




How does soap work?

 -Soap acts as an emulsifying agent and it's molecules form a structure, called a Micelle. the Micelle is a non-charged particle surrounded by charged particles and as they bump into one another the oil molecules get stuck in between the particles.

Measurement conversions

List the common units for mass, volume, and length in the metric system.

    -Mass: gram

    -Volume: liter

    -Length: meter

List the common prefixes for "big" metric items and "small" metric items.

    Big= deka, hecto, kilo

    Small= deci, centi, milli

Convert 12 inches into m.

    0.3048m

Convert 30 mpg to km/l.30 mpg to kml

1. what we know: 30 mpg
2. what we want: units in kml

30 mpg x (1 kml / 0.425 mpg) = 70.5882 kml.

DHMO

Would you give DHMO to your mother?
     Yes because my mom likes to drink water.

              -Research: According to dhmo.org DHMO is a hazardous material currently not properly labeled but we need it for everyday life and use.
              -Hypothesis: If I were to restrict the amount of DHMO allowed to cells the cells would die
              -Experiment: Using several slides containing the same type and amount of cells I would add varying amounts of DHMO to each and record the effects it had on each.
              -Analyze data: I would look at the results of the experiment and possibly compare and contrast my results with those of another group member and try to determine whether my hypothesis was correct or not.
              -Report results: If my hypothesis was correct I would report my results if not I would go back to my hypothesis and and look to see if I could adjust it in anyway.

Do you think the government should research (spend money) to better understand health affects of DHMO?
     I do think that the government needs to research the health affects of DHMO because the increase in pollution that has effected it.

Scientific process

It's cold outside and the roads are bad what are you going to do?
Ask a few questions:
Where am I going?
When do I need to be there?
Do I have to be there?

After answering those questions you need to decide how you are going to get there. If you are going by car, what kind of car does it have hi/lo-gears to get you through deep snow? Is it front/rear or possible four wheel drive?

What if your car does not start? Does it have gas? Is the battery dead because you left the lights on all night? Did someone steal your engine? Or is it just because you have less than half a tank of gas and its -30F and you have not had your car winterized yet?
    After answering these questions we can try to answer and fix those that could be the possible problems. If you do not have gas do you have a way of getting some to put in your car? If the battery is dead is there some that could give you a jump? If you have neglected to winterize your vehicle you may want to try to put some anti-freeze in. If none of these help get your car started you may just want to call a cab or possibly go back to bed.
                                      What is the scientific method? (processes and steps)
    -Ask a question
    -Do some research
    -Form a hypothesis
    -Test your hypothesis with an experiment
    -Analyze your data
    -*Repeat if results did not help prove/disprove your hypothesis
    -Communicate your data

Water explored

   

  

For this project I will be observing the actions and reactions of water to other substances and objects.

Surfaces/temperature:
    -Water on a lacquered wood surface: the water beads up (2cm 1cm)
    -Water on a glass surface: the water again beads up as it does on the wood surface (2cm x 1cm)
    -Water on a plastic surface: the water beads up but not as much as the previous two surfaces (3cm x 0.25 cm)








 -Water on a hot metal surface: the water moves about rapidly and randomly

    -Water on a cold metal surface: the water spreads out then pulls back into itself

    -Water in extreme cold: the water forms a solid (1/4cup -> 3/8cup)

Other substances
    -Water and juice mix powder: the majority of the mix falls to the bottom (1.5 oz. water + 1/4 tsp mix)

    -Water and oil: the two do not mix and the oil floats to the top (1.5 oz. water +1tbsp. oil)

  -Water and soap: the soap remains attached while some sinks and some remains at the top (1.5 oz. water + 1/2 tsp.)

 -Water and ethanol: the ethanol creates a cloudy appearance then dissipates (1.5 oz. water + 1/2 tsp. ethanol)

Water?

What elements make up water?
    Hydrogen and Oxygen

Is water an ionic compound or a covalent compound?
    Covalent

What is the shape of water?
    a bent shape

Why does water stick to itself?
    water is a polar molecule

Why does water not stick or mix with oil?
    oil has a neutral charge

Bonding of atoms

Describe covalent and ionic bonding.
      Covalent bonding- is more of a sharing of electrons between two atoms
      Ionic bonding- is the giving of electrons from an atom with a low electronegativity value to an atom with a high electronegativity value

What is electronegativity?
      Shows how much an atom wants electrons

List the electronegativity values for:
      H- 2.1
      Na- 0.9
      Cl- 3.0
      O - 3.5

The behavior of electrons

Electrons act as waves, similarly to light waves. There are two forms of wave patterns, in-phase and out-of-phase. In-phase waves have coordinating high and low points. Out-of-phase waves have contrasting high and low points which lead to the cancellation of the waves. It is important to know about the difference in wave types when talking about electrons because it has a distinct affect on the distribution of the electrons as is demonstrated through the double split experiment. This experiment was conducted using two-boards, one with one slit and the other with two. Marbles and electrons were shot through each of the boards and the patterns created were documented. The marbles created patterns mimicking the slit boards, the electrons however did not rather they created wave patterns. To restrict the experiment even more electrons began being dispersed singularly and the pattern remained the same. However when an observational device was placed next to one of the slits the electrons began acting as the marbles did.

Something I have learned and the learning process

When I was in 5th grade I participated in our local youth track and field club. Through this club I learned how to throw both the shot put and the discus. In teaching these two things my coaches employed both the use of film and numerous drills that would eventually build up to the complete motion. As I was learning from the film and practicing the drills I began to understand how each movement had a direct impact on the next and how it would affect your over all throw. For example, in the discus if you were to be practicing a South African drill and on your second step you were to over rotate, and fall into the metaphorical bucket, your hips would open up too soon and you would most likely foul to the right (if you are right handed). this understanding of cause and effect was a pivotal part in the understanding of the mechanics of being a good thrower. But in finding this understanding I had to do drill after drill and continuously make mistakes and then ask why my mistakes resulted in the poor throw. This way of learning from failed attempts has helped me to learn in other areas without fearing failure but rather seeing it as a learning experience and gaining knowledge from it.

Measurements in Chemistry

What is atomic mass?

      Is the mass of one mole of atoms

What is a dozen?

      12 of any given object

What is a case?

       24 of any given object

What is a gross?

      144 or 12-dozen

What is a mole?

      6.02x10^23

How many planet Earth's are needed to have a mole of people?
      1 mole of people = 6.02214179x10^23
      1 planet (earth) = 6.6 billion people (approx.)
      Number of planets = 1x10^14
 

Some questions about chemistry

What do the numbers represent on the Periodic Table of Elements?
   Well there are numerous numbers present within each element box in the periodic table.

         Upper left number: the atomic number and the number of   protons (+)
         Upper right number: the atomic weight/mass (+,-,=)

Mg, what is this?
         Mg is the element symbol for Magnesium

What is the difference between Na and K?

Sodium atom

         Na (sodium) and K (potassium) are different in numerous ways but one of the most obvious, besides placement within the periodic table, is their reactivity to other elements. In this case potassium is more reactive because the potassium atom has one more shell of electrons with fewer electrons that are more easily lost than those of the sodium atom.